Quick Guide on the Most Important Commas

Quick Guide on the Most Important Commas (1) Did you know that some commas could be more “important” than others? Ok, that’s not strictly true. A properly placed comma is usually essential for conveying exact meaning in anything you write. However, certain commas leave a glaring error when left out. The four commas listed below are the kind that, when omitted, reduce not only the clarity but the credibility of your writing. That’s something you don’t want to mess with at school or in the real world! After an Introductory Phrase It’s all about clauses. You see, a complete sentence has what we call an independent clause. This clause has both a subject and a verb. You add variety to your writing when you start adding dependent clauses to these independent onesâ€"phrases that lack either a subject or a verb. You can add a dependent clause to an independent clause using commas. The introductory phrase is one such dependent clause. It is added to an independent clause and joined to it with a comma. Introductory phrases are special in that they are always at the beginning of the sentence. Example: Although the cat ran fast, I ran faster and caught him. You can easily identify the introductory phrase hereit starts off the sentence. You may also notice a particular part of speech at the beginning of the phrase: a preposition (“although”). You see, introductory phrases can be spotted because of their prepositions. Pretty much any time you start off a sentence with a preposition, you know you have an introductory phrase. But how do you know where to place the comma? That part is usually easy to spot: the comma comes right in front of the main subject. In the example above, “I” is the main subject; therefore, the comma joining the introductory phrase to the independent clause appears there. Note: Introductory phrases can also start with gerunds, -ing words like “being,” “seeing,” and so on. Example: Being a recluse, Jenny studied by herself in the dorm. Surrounding Non-Essential Clauses Another type of comma that joins dependent clauses to independent clauses is the non-essential (also called nonrestrictive) clause. This is the phrase that you insert into a sentence to add some nice thoughts, but is not necessary for the meaning of the sentence. For example, an appositive is a type of nonessential clause. An appositive re-names the noun, so it adds information but is not necessary. Therefore the appositive is always surrounded by commas. Example of Appositive: The most accomplished violinist in the class, Jane Doe, got first chair after tryouts last week. Since there can only be one “most accomplished violinist,” Jane Doe’s name is just extra information and is therefore surrounded by commas. But of course, a nonessential clause doesn’t have to be an appositive. Any phrase inserted into a sentence that isn’t necessary needs to be surrounded by commas. Example of Non-essential Clause: My cat, who is eight years old, died last week. Do you see how we didn’t need to know how old the cat was to know that it died last week? It’s nice to know how old the cat was, of course, but because it’s not necessary, it’s nonessential. Thus it needs both commas. Before a Coordinating Conjunction One of the other more important commas in the writing world is the comma that accompanies the coordinating conjunction. What is a coordinating conjunction, you ask? I like to remind students of the acronym most of us learned in grade school: FANBOYS. This stands for: For And Nor But Or Yet So Whenever one of these words is used to combine two independent clauses, a comma needs to appear just in front of the conjunction. You might combine independent clauses when you want to add variety to your writing by having longer sentences, or because the information is so similar in two sentences that combining them only makes sense. Example: I went to the swimming pool, and the kids were so rowdy that I left early. You can tell that this is two independent clauses because they can be sentences on their own: “I went to the swimming pool” and “The kids were so rowdy that I left.” Joining them together makes the writing flow better. It is easy to forget this comma, but it is important so that your sentences don’t become extremely long and encumbered. After Items in a Series Another important comma is the one we use between items in a series. When you have a list of three or more things, leaving out the comma adds a lot of confusion. Let’s look at an example so you see how confusing the absence of this comma can be: Example: When I went camping, I gathered my tent my flashlight my sleeping bag and some food. Do you see how these items look like they all combine into one object? If nothing else, this list looks unorganized and choppy without some punctuation. Let’s look at the correction. Corrected Example: When I went camping, I gathered my tent, my flashlight, my sleeping bag, and some food. Now our list looks organized and it is easy to tell one object from the next. As you can see, commas in a series are quite necessary. Note: The final comma in a list, often called the serial comma or Oxford comma, is not always required. This comma is the last one in the list, the one right in front of the coordinating conjunction (usually “and”). The use of this comma is usually up to the style being used, and in the professional world, the most common place for the serial comma to be omitted is newspapers. In the academic world, the serial comma is usually required. Where is Your Missing Comma? This is by no means an exhaustive list of commas; after all, the title of this article is “Quick Guide on the Most Important Commas.” While you might have a different opinion about which commas are the most important, I find knowing these heavy hitters helps students the most. Now that you’ve read a little bit about these major commas, take a look at an essay you’ve written recently and see if you can’t find a few places where a comma might be needed. You might be surprised to see you know commas better than you realized!

Application Security Testing - 1187 Words

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Imf Imf And World Bank - 1255 Words

IMF OR WORLD BANK. THE PROJECT One of the World Bank or the IMF project that was developed is â€Å"Rebuilding Infrastructure.† It was set in motion to aid the rebuilding of Infrastructures in countries that were ravaged by, during and after World War II. 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Plato’s Ideal City Free Essays

The Ideal City In Plato’s book â€Å"Republic† he describes what he thinks would be an ideal city, for this city to be ideal it would have to be just. In his just city there are three classes of people; gold, silver, and bronze/iron; known as the National Division of Labor. The guardians of the city are placed in the gold category, the auxiliaries in the silver, and the farmers and craftsmen are in the bronze/iron category. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato’s Ideal City or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plato argues that the National Division of Labor reflects the requirements of nature and produces a harmonious whole. Wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice are the four virtues that this ideal city must have to be just. The guardians, also known as philosopher kings, being in the gold class of the city, are wise, knowledgeable, and most importantly they are philosophers. They enjoy learning about forms and think that anything else won’t bring somebody happiness. They believe that forms are the highest level of happiness and that by learning about and understanding forms brings knowledge. To be a guardian they must be ruled by their reason and not let spirit or appetites take over. They are responsible for ruling the city. Guardians are not allowed to make any money or have a job outside of guardianship nor are they able to own anything. At childhood they start an extensive amount of study in music, poetry, and physical training. The study of these subjects develops harmony between them and is said to be good for the soul. Plato argues that â€Å"a good soul by its own virtue makes the body as good as possible† (403d). In the silver class of the city are the auxiliaries, or in other words the warriors. These people have to be courageous; they are responsible for protecting the city and keeping everything at peace. They love victory and honor and go through massive physical training to be strong for battle and enforce the laws of the guardians. Instead of focusing on forms, like the guardians, auxiliaries put their focus towards particulars. That is essential in the job that they have because they need to understand what particulars are and how they operate to be able to fight. If they the people in the silver class flourish and thrive in their jobs, then they will experience happiness. Just like the lives of the guardians, the lives of the auxiliaries are completely controlled; they all live in the same place and don’t have any privacy, they all eat the same thing and have their schedule planned out for them and they’re not allowed to own anything. They’re not allowed to make any money or have anything that isn’t needed to be a warrior. Basically, the auxiliaries don’t have lives other than training. The farmers and craftsmen are considered to be in the bronze/iron category, they are the producers of the city. Unlike the guardians and auxiliaries, they tend to be ruled by their appetites other than reason and spirit. The farmers and craftsmen seem to focus more on belief and opinion other than the forms or particulars. They have more creativity than the guardians and auxiliaries which was highly despised of by Plato. Plato believed that imagination was nothingness and ignorance; he did not think that it helped you flourish or thrive in any way. He said that a thing such as art and imagination only brought pleasure and not knowledge, which he said wasn’t happiness. Even if you were and artist and you flourished and thrived in that area you still weren’t considered to be happy because you don’t know anything about the forms and art is projected as ignorance. They are able to have jobs, make money, buy and sell property, and own whatever they want. Farmers and craftsmen are considered free people compared to guardians and auxiliaries, they only have to follow certain rules obtained by the guardians. The city wouldn’t be able to exist without the bronze/iron category; the farmers and craftsmen grow all the food and make every product that is needed. If I had to choose which category I would like to be in I would choose the bronze/iron category. I wouldn’t prefer to be in the gold or silver category because I wouldn’t want my life completely controlled and not be able to have any privacy. Having my life all about the rest of the city and having my life planned out isn’t something that I would enjoy, I would want to make my own decisions and not having them made for me. Sure you could say that that is selfish and unjust but that is what would truly make me happy. Plato says that to truly be happy that you have to flourish and thrive as opposed having pleasure. I think that if I was in the bronze/iron class that I would flourish and thrive because in that class I have more opportunities to succeed in different areas of life. In the bronze/iron class you are able to live your own life, the life you want to live instead of being told what to do and how to live every day. In this ideal and just city, everyone: the guardians, auxiliaries, and farmers and craftsmen, have to do their own task, otherwise it wouldn’t be just. The people in these three classes all have to flourish and thrive in whichever class they are in. The guardians can’t do the job of the auxiliaries or the farmers and craftsmen, the auxiliaries can’t do the job of the guardians or farmers and craftsmen, and the farmers and craftsmen can’t do the job of the guardians or auxiliaries. If everything works out the way that Plato plans, then this ideal and just city would be the perfect utopia. How to cite Plato’s Ideal City, Papers

Stakeholder Analysis free essay sample

Stakeholder Analysis Picture the face of a student receiving a research paper, not to thrilling, some will start sooner than others but everyone must start their research papers somehow and some way. Google means â€Å"to search† and now in days it can be used for browsing, personal computing, email, and broadband networking (Krazit). Years ago when internet and Google did not exist students actually went to the library to not only study but to get and look through books. That is how students got their research for papers, while students today use the internet and mostly Google. Now when students go to the library they use it for a study area and internet access. Walking into the library at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins, you will find students with more computers than books. Libraries have more reliable sources but most students only use their resources if they are required by a teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Google is a quicker and easier than making time to go to the library and find a book. Even though libraries are changing to keep up with the new technology, Google is changing faster. Students are now reading on iPhones, kindles, and Google search engines when before they were using printed books (Glazer). The libraries were used so students could get books for research. These days, librarians have seen more online searches in the library than people actually searching for books (Hafner). How much longer until Google takes over the libraries purpose of using their books for research? Stakeholders who could partake in this question could be librarians, Google investors, current college students, and college alumni’s. Librarians may be one of the top stakeholders for the changes in student’s research ways. The librarians want to help the students and make sure that the information they are using is reliable. They believe that students must use library books and databases instead of Google (Mantel). Librarians thin that Google is not a good source; they mainly say this because they want students to use their resources. Like the other stakeholders librarians know technology is changing and trends are following so in order to stay up to date they need to change too (Timpson). Librarians need to make changes like making their research options more convenient to students. Unlike the other stakeholders librarians have to go against Google because they want students using the library. If Google takes over libraries researching purposes then librarians could possibly lose their jobs. Google investors could be another stakeholder because with Google changing and becoming more reliable they have a chance to make more money. Google investors want to make money and they want to show that Google is a reliable source for students. They believe that the little advertising they have done has helped them save money and get the word out (Krazit). They assume that there are a lot of people out there who rely on them for information. 83% of students begin searches using search engines† (Timpson). Unlike librarians, they want the students to use Google so they can make more money, they do not care about their education. They also know that they still need to make changes and become more than just a search engine, just like other stakeholders. Another stakeholder would be college alumni’s because they did not have internet as an option, so you can compare how much h as changed. Students wanted to go to the library to research or maybe even hang out. They believed that the library was to check out books for research.

Ways to Improve Readability of Your Essay

Ways to Improve Readability of Your Essay As a student, you will be required to write tons of essays, research papers, theses, and other documents. Your grade, of course, will be based on how well you write these papers, the flow of your thoughts, as well as the readability of your text. Use the tips below to help your essays stand out from the rest of the crowd: 1. Focus Apart from focusing on your reader (the lecturer/tutor/professor), you also need to ensure that your writing is highly focused of its core purpose. Ask yourself why you are writing the essay and what you expect from the reader. Then, after you’ve penned it down and run it through an essay checking software program, read it back to yourself. This way, you will be able to find out whether you achieved your goal of making the essay focused on the topic required. 2. Writing Design Next up, you should also design every essay you write in such a way that it fits in with the required format. Ordinarily, this means that you should start raising the readability of your text by ensuring that the content fits the theme, the question asked, and the course you are undertaking. Where possible, you should also add a couple of editing formats to make the text even more readable. A good example, in this case, is the use of quotation marks and indented paragraphs to refer to something written elsewhere or talked about by another scholar. Moving your narrative using direct quotes at certain strategic points in the essay will make the essay look better and more readable. 3. Paragraphs and Sentences You might also want to learn how to break up your paragraphs and sentences. By shorting the length of the sentences in your essay, the person reading it will have an easier time understanding what you are trying to get at. To achieve this feat, look for any joints in your long sentences. Then, break them up into 2 or 3 shorter, easily digestible sentences. Similarly, change any dependent clause in your essay to an independent clause. Of course, there will be natural relations between the overall length of the sentences you use and the paragraphs in your essay. After shortening your sentences, therefore, break the paragraphs up until they perfectly fit in with the altered rhythm of your essay. Similarly, try to minimize your use of semi-colons. Instead, add a period where you’d have placed the semi-colon. As long as the sentence following makes sense and relates to the entire paragraph, your essay should turn out perfectly. 4. Simplify It Last but not least, simplify your essay as much as possible. Although you might think that using difficult and complicated words will make you sound smart, your reader (who will be grading the essay) will not be suitably impressed. The long and complex terms you should use must be technical terms that you simply can’t change. The rest will only make your essay hard to read – perhaps even harder than it was for you to research the try meaning of the words. Conclusion Over and above everything, the more readable your essay, the higher the grade you will earn. Use the above-described tips to improve the readability of your essays going forward.

Biography of the German Explorer Carl Peters

Biography of the German Explorer Carl Peters Carl Peters was a German explorer, journalist and philosopher, instrumental in the founding of German East Africa and helped create the European Scramble for Africa. Despite being vilified for cruelty to Africans and removed from office, he was later praised by Kaiser Wilhelm II and was considered a German hero by Hitler. Date of birth: 27 September 1856, Neuhaus an der Elbe (New House on the Elbe), Hanover GermanyDate of death: 10 September 1918 Bad Harzburg, Germany An Early Life: Carl Peters was born the son of a minister on 27 September 1856. He attended the local monastery school in Ilfeld until 1876 and then attended college in Goettingen, Tà ¼bingen, and Berlin where he studied history, philosophy, and law. His college time was financed by scholarships and through early successes in journalism and writing. In 1879 he left Berlin University with a degree in history. The following year, abandoning a career in law, he left for London where he stayed with a wealthy uncle. Society for German Colonisation: During his four years in London, Carl Peters studied British history and investigated its colonial policies and philosophy. Returning to Berlin after his uncles suicide in 1884, he helped establish the Society for German Colonisation [Gesellschaft fà ¼r Deutsche Kolonisation]. Hopes For a German Colony in Africa: Towards the end of 1884 Peters traveled to East Africa to obtain treaties with local chiefs. Although unsanctioned by the German government, Peters felt confident that his endeavors would lead to a new German colony in Africa. Landing on the coast at Bagamoyo just across from Zanzibar (in what is now Tanzania) on 4 November 1884, Peters and his colleagues traveled for just six weeks persuading both Arab and African chiefs to sign away exclusive rights to land and trade routes. One typical agreement, the Treaty of Eternal Friendship, had Sultan Mangungu of Msovero, Usagara, offering his territory with all its civil and public privileges to Dr Karl Peters as the representative of the Society for German Colonisation for the exclusive and universal utilization of German colonization. German Protectorate in East Africa: Returning to Germany, Peters set about consolidating his African successes. On 17 February 1885 Peters received an imperial charter from the German government and on 27 February, after the conclusion of the Berlin West African Conference, the German Chancellor Bismarck announced the creation of a German protectorate in East Africa. The German East-African Society [Deutsch Osta-Afrikanischen Gesellschaft] was created in April and Carl Peters was declared its chairman. Initially a 18 kilometre costal strip was recognized as still belonging to Zanzibar. But in 1887 Carl Peters returned to Zanzibar to obtain the right to collect duties - the lease was ratified on 28 April 1888. Two years later the strip of land was purchased from the Sultan of Zanzibar for  £200,000. With area of almost 900 000 square kilometres, German East Africa almost doubled the land held by the German Reich. Searching for Emin Pasha: In 1889 Carl Peters returned to Germany from East Africa, giving up his position as chairman. In response to Henry Stanleys expedition to rescue Emin Pasha, a German explorer and governor of Egyptian Equatorial Sudan who was reputed to be trapped in his province by Mahdist enemies, Peters announced his intention to beat Stanley to the prize. Having raised 225,000 marks, Peters and his party depart from Berlin in February. Competition with Britain for Land: Both trips were actually attempts to claim more land (and gain access to the upper Nile) for their respective masters: Stanley working for King Leopold of Belgium (and the Congo), Peters for Germany. One year after departure, having reached the Wasoga on the Victoria Nile (between Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) he was handed a letter from Stanley: Emin Pasha had already been rescued. Peters, unaware of a treaty ceding Uganda to Britain, continued north to make a treaty with the king Mwanga. The Man With Blood on His Hands: The Heligoland Treaty (ratified on 1 July 1890) set German and British spheres of influence in East Africa, Britain to have Zanzibar and the mainland opposite and towards the north, Germany to have the mainland south of Zanzibar. (The treaty is named for an Island off the Elba estuary in Germany which was transferred from British to German control.) In addition, Germany gained Mount Kilimanjaro, part of the disputed territories - Queen Victoria wanted her grandson, the German Kaiser, to have a mountain in Africa. In 1891 Carl Peters was made the commissioner to renamed protectorate of German East Africa, based in a newly created station near Kilimanjaro. By 1895 rumors reached Germany of cruel and unusual treatment of Africans by Peters (he is known in Africa as Milkono wa Damu - the Man with Blood on his hands) and he is recalled from German East Africa to Berlin. A judicial hearing is undertaken the following year, during which Peters relocates to London. In 1897 Peters is officially condemned for his violent attacks on African natives and is dismissed from government service. The judgement is severely criticized by the German press. In London Peters set up an independent company, the Dr Carl Peters Exploration Company, which funded several trips to German East Africa and to British territory around the Zambezi River. His adventures formed the basis of his book Im Goldland des Altertums (The Eldorado of the Ancients) in which he describes the region as being the fabled lands of Ophir. In 1909 Carl Peters married Thea Herbers and, having been exonerated by the German emperor Wilhelm II and granted a state pension, he returned to Germany on the eve of the First World War. Having published a handful of books on Africa Peters retired to Bad Harzburg, where on 10 September 1918 he died. During World War II, Adolf Hitler referred to Peters as a German hero and his collected works were re-published in three volumes.